Child Maltreatment Is A Serious And Vicious Epidemic That...

Child maltreatment is a serious and vicious epidemic that affects children and families all over the world. History has shown that child maltreatment has been going on since ancient times and has been practiced by a variety of civilizations. A major threat to the social, physical and emotional well-being of children is child abuse and neglect (Dake et al., 2003). Child abuse is the intentional harming of a child either physically, emotionally or sexually. Child neglect is the failure to provide the basic needs for a child that is essential for survival. Violence in any form is a way to show the power and authority one possesses against a perceived weaker individual. Cruelty against children â€Å"is a culmination of the societies’ disregard to the protection of its most vulnerable members and disrespect to their basic human rights† (Al-Mahroos, 2007). The highest risk of neglect were in the children who were handicapped, females, and malnourished and the highest risk of abuse were in the children who were from unwanted pregnancies, youth marriages, and families with financial difficulties (Finkelhor et al., 1988). In the pre-Islamic era, it was common practice to bury unwanted children alive; most of who were females. This notion was mentioned in the Quran; â€Å"And when the girl [who was] buried alive is asked: for what sin she was killed?† 1 After the spread of Islam, children’s rights were better recognized and this practice was no longer existent. Child abuse and neglect howeverShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse15082 Words   |  61 Pagesremoved strong withdrawal symptoms are produced. This withdrawal syndrome is experienced as sickness, stomach upset and muscular pain. Hallucinations and convulsions may also occur. EXPLAIN WHY ALCOHOL IS A DRUG Alcohol is a drug because it affects the body tissues and as a result influences behaviour. BRIEFLY OUTLINE THREE REASONS WHY PEOPLE BECOME DEPENDENT ON DRUGS People become dependent on drugs because of curiosity, believing drugs will improve mental processes. Fashionable. Thinking

Outline of Consciousness - 1283 Words

Section 4: Consciousness Pages 114-117 I. Defining Consciousness a. Consciousness is commonly defined as being aware of the immediate environment. i. For example, knowing when to go to class or work. b. Consciousness also deals with awareness of your thoughts, feelings, and memories. i. Examples 1. Making plans for dates. 2. Getting annoyed at your performance in school. 3. Thinking back about good times with your friends. c. Early psychologists and their studies i. When early psychologists studied the mind, they studied consciousness. 1. William Wundt (late 1880 s) had subjects report contents of consciousness while working, falling asleep, and sitting still. 2. Sigmund Freud (1900 s) wrote that needs, desires, and†¦show more content†¦a. Stated that left-dominated and right-dominated modes of consciousness function in a complimentary and alternating fashion. i. One works while the other in inhibited (Galin, 1974; Ornstein, 1976). b. Integration of these two modes underlies the highest human accomplishments. i. Support for this is still modest since the brain s functioning cannot be fully explained by it s structure. 4. Newest explanations of consciousness can be done by Dennett (1991, 1996) and neurologist Restak (1994). a. Both had a materialistic viewpoint. b. Dennett asserts that people have access to many sources of information, which in combination create conscious experiences in his book, Consciousness Explained. i. Also says that the brain creates copies of experiences that can constantly be reanalyzed. ii. The brain develops a sense of consciousness as well as a sense of self through this constant updating and reanalysis of experience. 1. Theory is untested, widely unaccepted and criticized (Mangan, 1993). 2. It does take a new path in suggesting that perceptual, physiological, and historical information come together in each individual to create consciousness. c. 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Henri Bergson Free Essays

HENRI BERGSON History of Ideas 2012 To: Sir Asad Shahzad 10/21/2012 GROUP MEMBERS: * AMMARAH MASROOR-12779 * ASFIA AZIZ-12718 * SYEDA AREEBA TARIQ-13055 SUBMITTED TO: SIR ASAD SHAHZAD DATE: 21/OCT/2012 TOPIC| PAGE| Henri Bergson – Introduction| 2| Bergson’s Intuition| 3| Intuition: Definition, Explanation, A small practice that led to Intuition| 4| Example, Sinking into Intuition, Explanation| 5| Another Example, Explanation, Intuition as Philosophical Method| 6| Intuition as Philosophical Method| 7| Bergson’s Time and Free Will| 8| TABLE OF CONTENTS: Time and Free Will: Space| 9| Time| 10| Past and Present| 11| Free Will and Determinism| 12| Bergson’s Creative Evolution| 15| Meaning of Evolution| 16| Creative Evolution: Definition, Essence of Life, Elan Vital, Book| 18| Comparison between Darwin’s Theory of Mechanical Evolution and Bergson’s Theory of Creative Evolution| 19| Critics| 22| References| 23| HENRI BERGSON: Introduction: Henri Bergson (1859–1941) was one of the most famous and influential French philosophers of the late 19th century-early 20th century. Bergson was born in Paris on October 18, 1859; he was the second of seven children of a Polish Father and English mother; both of his parents were Jewish. Bergson was a notably exceptional pupil throughout his childhood. We will write a custom essay sample on Henri Bergson or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like his German contemporary, Edmund Husserl, Bergson’s original training was in mathematics. Although his international fame reached cult-like heights during his lifetime, his influence decreased notably after the Second World War While such French thinkers as Merleau-Ponty, Sartre, and Levinas explicitly acknowledged his influence on their thought, it is generally agreed that it was Gilles Deleuze’s 1966  Bergsonism  that marked the reawakening of interest in Bergson’s work. Deleuze realized that Bergson’s most enduring contribution to philosophical thinking is his concept of multiplicity. Bergson’s concept of multiplicity attempts to unify in a consistent way two contradictory features: heterogeneity and continuity. Many philosophers today thinks that this concept of multiplicity, despite its difficulty, is revolutionary. It is revolutionary because it opens the way to a reconception of community. (www. plato. stanford. edu) BERGSON’S INTUITION BY: SYEDA AREEBA TARIQ HENRI BERGSON: He wrote a book ‘THE CREATIVE MIND’ in 1946. This book is an introduction to metaphysics which consist of collection of essays and lectures concerning the nature of intuition, explaining how intuition can be used as a philosophical method. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy in which the nature of being and world is taken into context. Whereas, two important questions are answered 1. what is there? And 2. what is it like? I would be explaining what intuition according to Bergson is and why it is called philosophical method. INTUITION: DEFINITION OF INTUITION: * An immediate cognition of object not inferred or determined by a previous cognition of the same object. * Untaught pure knowledge. EXPLANATION: Philosophical definition of intuition says that it is an immediate process of knowing of some object not by reasoning or analyzing the previous knowing of the same object. It is therefore, said to be pure or untaught knowledge that one acquires at an instant. ACCORDING TO BERGSON: According to Henry Bergson intuition is described as a method of ‘thinking in duration’ which reflects the continuous flow of reality. A SMALL PRACTICE THAT LED TO INTUITION: Once he was rolling and unrolling thread and said that this represent man’s sense of mortality and the continual gain of new memory; a spectrum of a thousand shades with a current of feeling running through them, collecting and retaining them, to represent how all the moments are heterogeneous. The human has tendency to build new memories and retain them. He said that human memory has stored thousand of new things different from the one formed and the one that will form every time if they go through the process of knowing. EXAMPLE: Example that he gave was of a piece of elastic which is contracted than drawn out to its limit and we can observe that there is a flow. The elastic produces a line which grows long and long presents that something is pure indivisible mobile unit. SINKING INTO INTUITION: He says that this is duration which can’t be divided. It is the qualitative not quantitative it has multiplicity yet unity and is mobile and continuously penetrating itself. He even says that duration can’t be represented by concept. One cannot experience the feeling if just a concept is there. One can’t grasp duration with concept. But duration is grasped only by intuition. By which one is transported into an object to grasp what is unique and ineffable (can’t describe in word) within it. Intuition is a complete philosophical method that involves placing oneself within the Duration, and expanding it into a continuous heterogeneity. EXAMPLE: Take an example a person has captured lots of picture of CBM from different angles and a poet has composed a poem over life here but one cannot replicate the feeling of being in CBM itself whereas the poem can never give the dimensional value of walking in CBM. EXPLANATION: Thus any concept given cannot grasp duration flow of real time but intuition can grasp duration. One can sink into the other object by having intuition an instant knowledge which is unique can’t be explained is gain by person which forms a new memory. Thus intuition is a direct perception and experience of the continuous flow of reality, without the use of any concepts the flow of time as real duration can be experienced only by intuition. ANOTHER EXAMPLE: He uses the example of an artist who makes a series of sketches of Notre Dame in Paris. â€Å"Now at the bottom of all the sketches made in Paris, the stranger will probably write ‘Paris’ by way of reminder. And as he has really seen Paris, he will be able, by descending from the original intuition of the whole, to place his sketches in it and thus arrange them in relation to one another. But there is no way of performing the opposite operation; even with an infinity of sketches as exact as you like, even with the word ‘Paris’ to indicate that they must bear close connection, it is impossible to travel back to an intuition one has not had, and gain the impression of Paris if one has never seen Paris (201). † EXPLANATION: Here he says that if an artist has sketched a model of a city which he has actually seen and drew him would have knowing of the place which he has transferred to his sketches. He is descending from original intuition in order to place his sketches in it. But if a person who has never seen Paris he cannot enjoy Paris sketches as much as the one who saw in actual would transport himself to the sketches and intuit it as an object. The person never seen Paris can never feel like walking into the place rather he would make a new intuition of his one within the duration. A person can form an immediate knowing of object different from the knowing of the same object before by actually being in duration through intuition. Why intuition is called as philosophical method-of transporting into object to grasp what is ineffable Intuition is a method through which one cast off or throws his habits of mind that tries to break duration and thus convert the duration into space. To know anything as whole it’s necessary to intuit rather breaking into bits of pieces. Experience can only come from intuition. We hear melody; we hear the whole, not a series of notes one after another. When we  analyze the melody, we may indeed break it into a number of notes, but we are then analyzing the notes, not the melody. The melody, to be known, must be grasped as a whole. In other words, it must be intuited. Thus, the method of intuition is at essence the task of metaphysics. Metaphysics is not a synthesis of knowledge, a sort of piecing together of the notes to form a melody, nor is it analysis, the breaking down of a melody into its component notes. Metaphysics is the  experience of melody. Thus concludes Bergson in his â€Å"Introduction to Metaphysics†: â€Å"Metaphysics has nothing in common with a generalization of experience, and yet it could e defined as the whole of experience (l’experience integral). † BERGSON’S TIME AND FREE WILL BY: ASFIA AZIZ TIME AND FREE WILL (1889) – HENRI BERGSON Henri Bergson in his book has explained various different ideas amongst which the most studied are of * Time and Space The Idea of Pure Duration * Free Will and Determinism I will explain each point in detail. This book has influences Sartre towards Philosophy. This book is also considered to be an anti-thesis to Immanuel Kant. Kant proposed that Freedom is something beyond the circle of time and space. Time and space is consi dered as ‘same’ to Kant i. e. being homogenous. Bergson on the contrary, differentiates time and space and gives forward the concept of duration, a state in which freedom is experienced. (www. stanford. edu) The explanations have been extracted from his book â€Å"Time and Free will- An essay on the immediate data of consciousness† SPACE: Henri Bergson defines space as being homogenous. It is the same and identical to everyone perceiving it. He says that multiplicity exists in space. Multiplicity is the psychic state of being multiple at the same time. It has a connection with the human mind and reason, because reason enables a person to understand the state of multiplicity. Bergson demonstrates two kinds of multiplicity: 1. Quantitative Multiplicity: When we count physically existing materials and we localize them in space, it is called quantitative multiplicity. No symbolic representation and mental images are formed to perceive this kind of state, because things exist physically in front of our eyes. (Key Writings, Bergson, continuum, p53) Example, when we count the number of sheep in a flock of sheep, we save images of the previous sheep in our minds as our counting progresses. These images are involuntarily fixed by us at a point in space. 2. Qualitative Multiplicity: This is the analysis of the states of consciousness being multiple when we perceive intangible materials or qualities. Here, formation of mental images and symbolic representation is important. Example, when we hear a noise of footsteps, our minds form a mental image of somebody walking and each of the successive sounds of the steps are localized in space; we count our sensations by localizing them into space and this leads to the demonstration of qualitative multiplicity. (Key Writings, Bergson, continuum p53) By defining the existence of multiplicity in space, Henri Bergson then defines space as: â€Å"Space is what enables us to distinguish a number of identical and simultaneous sensations from one another; it is thus a principle of differentiation† Some people say that simultaneous sensations are never identical. To support this point, Henri Bergson states that when we talk about homogenous medium we are talking about the simultaneity of terms which are identical in quality but are distinct from each other. Henri proposes that the higher the intelligence in a human, the more clear the understanding of homogenous space will be. Men have the special faculty of conceiving space without quality and hence we say that the medium where men localize simultaneous sensations and objects are the same for everyone. (Key Writings, Henri Bergson, continuum, pg 57) TIME: Usually many philosophers take time and space to be the same. But Henri Bergson, differentiates between time and space. For him, there are two kinds of time: * Mathematical time: Mathematical time is the time which is used in sciences by scientists. It is homogenous time which is the same for everyone. This is the time which many philosophers consider as space, as it is homogenous. (ibid, p63) Example, the time in hours, minutes and seconds used to calculate speed of a moving body is mathematical time. It can also be called the clock time. * Real Time or Real Duration: According to Bergson, real time is the time that we experience and it is continuous and flowing. It is heterogeneous as it is the qualitative representation of time that differs from person to person. It is also called the state of real duration defined by Bergson as: â€Å"Pure duration is the form which the succession of our conscious states assumes when ego lets itself live, when it refrains from separating its present state from its former states† To understand this, Bergson said that real duration is the state of mind where our ego dominates. Ego is the self of a person and directs the person’s mind to amalgamate the past states with the present states in an organic whole. In this conscious state, all states of mind permeate into one another to form it as a whole. (ibid, p60) Example, when we hear successive rings of a bell, we perceive that sound to be in a continuous rhythm and do not distinguish each ting of the bell. This amalgamation and permeation of the successive rings of bell into one organic whole is what real duration is all about. Past and Present: When Bergson speaks of the past, he does not mean the past, but our present memory of the past. Present is the only moment in the whole history of the world. Past resides in the present and that also changes the aspirations for future. This permeation of former and present states demonstrates real duration. Example, a man has a best friend and he believes him to have all good characteristics. One day, if he sees his best friend lying to him, all his perceptions about the good characteristics would change. This shows that his present will change his past and future too. This is how real duration is experienced in real life. Quotations by Henri Bergson, â€Å"The present contains nothing more than the past, and what is found in the effect was already in the cause. † â€Å"The idea of future, pregnant with infinity of possibilities, is thus more fruitful than the future itself, and this is why we find more charm in hope than in possession, in dreams than in reality† FREE WILL AND DETERMINISM: Real Duration vindicates human freedom and disposes off the path of determinism. To understand this, we must first understand these two doctrines separately. Determinism: It is a doctrine that all human choices, events and actions have sufficient causes and are pre-determined by the states of mind. For a determinist, freedom of choice is an illusion. This illusion can be presented as, that if a person has to select one branch from a lot of branches; the branch that he selects is a choice that is fully predictable because somewhere at the back of his mind he has the idea of which branch to select. www. informationphilosopher. com) In response to this example, Bergson proposed the idea of free will and said that the above choice is a choice through the formation of a mental image localized in space, which is inadequate to symbolize a choice. Choice is a temporal act for Bergson as it is pertaining to the present and conscious state of mind. Free Will: It is a doctrine that the events and actions of human beings are expressed through personal choices and are not gov erned by other forces or states of mind. Henri Bergson proposes that through experiencing real duration we can be free. The freedom of choice is fully certified by direct experience says Bergson. He describes free will as, â€Å"A man is free when his act springs spontaneously from his total personality and it has evolved up to the moment of action. If this spontaneity is absent, his action will be stereotyped† When man experiences real duration, he gains possession of himself and once self possession is attained, the man acts freely and creatively. Freedom has a strong association with personality or character of an individual. Character and personality changes from different situations which in turn changes our self. To demonstrate this idea, Bergson uses the saying of an English writer Stuart Mill: â€Å"To be conscious of free will must mean to be conscious, before I have decided, that I am able to decide either way† Bergson and other defenders of free will would be of the opinion that, when we perform an action freely, some other action is ‘equally possible’ which we leave and make a choice willingly. When a determinist says that our motives determine our action, Bergson says that motives are conflicting. He says that common sense believes in free will, and motives are not a necessity for defining our actions (Time and Free Will, Bergson, p148). To prove that motives are conflicting, Henri Bergson presents the sayings of Stuart Mill as: â€Å"I could have abstained from murder if my aversion to the crime and my dread of its consequences had been weaker than the temptation which impelled me to commit it. † In response to this Henri Bergson said, His desire to do right and his aversion to doing wrong are strong enough to overcome†¦ any other desire or aversion which may conflict them†(TFW, p150) Through this, the only idea that Bergson intends to provide is that the motives of ‘desire’ and ‘aversion’ are conflicting. But when the man decides to select one of them, it demonstrates his free will and freedom of choice. BERGSON’S CREATI VE EVOLUTION BY: AMMARAH MASROOR Let us first start with the basic definition of evolution, MEANING OF EVOLUTION: A process of formation or growth, progressive change or development in the  inherited characteristics  of  biological  populations over successive  generations† Hence the term ‘Evolution’ means that certain characteristics or genes starts transforming in a population which then results in a complete transformation of that population’s characteristics which was once inherited by the preceding populations. So it is said that the growth or development which has been taking place as the generations passed has thus completed and now it can be said that this species has evolved. This process of evolution can take place in living organisms as well as in non-living organisms. Some general examples could be the evolution of the bottle of coke or the evolution of airplanes, what we once used to see in cartoons and documentaries and what we see now in reality and in which most of us have travelled is absolutely an evolution. The best example for the evolution in living organisms is the evolution of mankind, the theory that Darwin proposed and the idea that he gave that, ‘Man is the descendant of apes’ CREATIVE EVOLUTION: Henri Bergson proposed the idea of evolution as ‘Creative Evolution’. He believed that human beings are primarily to be explained in terms of the evolutionary process and that the mechanical process of random selection is inadequate to explain what occurs. According to Bergson: â€Å"Creative evolution is a sort of inner drive which he calls as â€Å"elan vital†, translated as â€Å"life force† and this life force has a connection with the real time that carries the process of evolution perpetually onward. † In order to understand this definition of creative evolution first one needs to understand the two concepts that he highlights in here: Essence of Life: For Bergson the essence of life is duration, the real time – time that is continuously flowing through which we have direct inner experience and is connected with life itself, with the life force that is the elan vital because of which goes on the everlasting process of evolution. Elan Vital: Bergson gives an explanation to this terminology as â€Å"an original common impulse which explains the creation of all living species†. The word’s literal meanings are ‘vital force’, ’life force’ or ‘vital impulse’. A combination of both real time and life force causes the process of creative evolution to begin. BOOK – CREATIVE EVOLUTION: In order to further explain his work and concept about creative evolution Henri Bergson wrote a book in 1907 which provided an explanation against Darwin’s Theory of Mechanism. He was also awarded a Nobel Prize for this work of his. COMPARISION BETWEEN DARWIN’S THEORY OF MECHANICAL EVOLUTION AND BERGSON’S THEORY OF CREATIVE EVOLUTION: In order to understand that why Bergson’s Theory is known as Creative Evolution and Darwin’s Theory as Mechanical Evolution let us have a comparison between the two theories. This comparison includes the 4 main points of both the theories and all the points of each theory are interrelated with each other. The first and the foremost comparison between the two theories are about the approaches they follow. Bergson’s creative evolution follows the teleological approach of traditional finalism that is everything that starts comes to its natural place which ultimately makes the genuine creative creation. Now here the teleological approach comes from the word teleology which means that things should be explained by the appeal to their goal, purpose or functions. For example if you throw a rock it would go to its natural place – the ground, due to the gravitational pull that exists. Teleological whereas can be explained for the existence or presence of biological trait, structure or behavior by appeal to its function. In comparison to this Darwin’s mechanical evolution follows the mechanistic approach which precludes the possibility of any real change or creativity as the products of evolution is given in advance, in the form of pre-existent possibilities. This explains that this process deprives evolution of any inventiveness or creativity because this process is treated as pure mechanism which simply adds existence to something that already had been in the form of possible. Hence there is no difference left between the real and possible. Although both the approaches, to some extent are same because they provide us with the notion that â€Å"Whole is given†. Therefore, neither mechanism nor strict finalism can give a satisfying account of changes in life. The second comparison is about the Tendency Theory. Here Bergson talks about the â€Å"complexification† of life, that is, the phenomenon of its evolution from the simple original vital impulse into different species, individuals, and organs. Here he explains two concepts, firstly he explains that after evolution has occurred species are then differentiated into plants, animals and humans. Then he further explains that life is complex and in order to simplify itself it organizes itself into two great opposite tendencies, namely, instinct and intelligence. Here he then explains the second concept that these tendencies further provides a distinction between humans and animals, that humans have both these tendencies whereas animals only have one that is instinct. This is the reason why Bergson calls this evolution of mankind as ‘Creative Evolution’. In comparison to this Darwin speaks of the ‘Natural Selection’ – the primary mechanism of change over time which includes 4 components * Variation * Inheritance * High rate of population growth * Differential survival and reproduction This is very obvious from the four of its points that he believes that the more the specie is adaptable to change, the variance and tendency to inherit and the more it increases its population through reproduction it has more chances of evolution. The third comparison is that Bergson believes at the peripheral of intelligence a fringe of instinct survives which helps us to understand the essence of life. This means that at the boundaries of intelligence a border of instinct is present. His concept is that instinct is the primary factor whereas intelligence is the secondary factor. Instinct comes in first and then the intelligence, this is why instinct came first in all living organisms but then some of the organisms further evolved. Hence because of this evolution they can then be differentiated as animals – with instinct whereas humans – with instinct and then with intelligence (after evolution). Comparing this with Darwin’s theory it can be said that he had no concept of the two tendencies hence focused on the concept of â€Å"Survival of the Fittest†. According to him there exists no such tendencies which helps us to lead our lives, instead there is this concept of â€Å"Survival of the Fittest† where only those species survives that are open to changes, open to use available resources and can fit in the present environment whereas others are there to die. An example could be of the movie Ice Age where all the animals in that movie do not further exist instead they have evolved (the mammoth have now evolved as elephants). The point of Bergson in this comparison can be concluded as there is a little bit of instinct surviving within each intelligent being, making it to coincide with the life force. This partial coincidence is what found ‘Intuition’. The fourth comparison in actual is not a comparison because it is just a one sided difference. Here Bergson puts forward his view and connects it with his previous point of tendencies, that combined result of instinct and intellect is â€Å"intuition†. Through intuition, an individual understands the difference between ‘order’ and ‘disorder’. Intuition means gut feeling, sometimes known as the 6th sense. Bergson says that our way of perceiving and knowing this world when based on the need for living is then an obstacle. To this obstacle he gives the name ‘Idea of Disorder’. This idea consists of three notions: 1. Order: things happening according to our needs and wants 2. Disorder: simply the order we are not looking for. Although this order may be correct for others but for us it is not happening according to what we want. 3. Nothingness: things that exist in space but we do not consider them to be as existing because it had never been our need. To this point of Bergson there is no comparing point of Darwin because he never came to the point of intuition. His theory stopped at the notions of ‘Natural Selection’ and ‘Survival of the Fittest’. LETTER TO HAROLD HOFFDING: Henri Bergson in one of his letter to Harold Hoff ding which was published in his book key writings said that â€Å"someone who gets a complete grasp on the creative evolution would never then believe on the process of mechanism because in that time is useless†. CRITICS: Although Bergson made his ideas attractive with analogies and poetic metaphors he did not support them with rational arguments. He left them to the readers to understand it themselves on their level of intuition. Furthermore, his critics complained that his ideas did not stand up very well to logical analysis. His defenders replied by saying that he possessed all these characteristics in common with the best creative writers, and that this was because he was offering insights rather than logical arguments. REFERENCES: * www. google. com * www. googleimages. com * www. stanfordencyclopediaofphilosophy. com (plato. stanford. edu) * www. dictionary. references. com * Key Writings – Henri Bergson (continuum) * Modern Philosophy by Bertrand Russell * History of Western Philosophers * 20th Century Philosophy How to cite Henri Bergson, Papers

Internal Business Factor Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Contextual Factors Internal to a business that Impact on a Business or Organisation and its Business Decision Making. Answer: Introduction Decision making plays a significant role in the running of businesses. Most companies encourage decision making among all workers on the front line as well as those in senior management levels. There are contextual factors that exist within a company whose impact on business operations cannot be ignored (Dunning, 2014). To solve these business challenges, managers have shown ambition and passion through the establishment of sound decisions that address the present and potential internal problems. Company Overview Rio Tinto plc, located in Western Australian in the Pilbara region was incorporated in 1962. Rio Tinto operates in the mining industry where it mines and processes mineral resources. Rio Tinto mines Aluminium, Diamond, Energy, Ore, Copper among many others. The company carries its venture both domestically and globally. However, there are internal business environmental factors that impact on the mining activities of Rio Tinto. This report aims at analyzing the critical issues related to business and Rio Tinto management context as well as gaining a greater understanding of the contextual factors internal to a business that affect the Rio Tinto and its decision making. Internal Contextual Business Factors Rio Tinto faces various challenges in the market which have prompted managers to make important decisions on investment. The mining industry globally is extremely competitive, and this results from the internal weaknesses within the enterprise (Hitt, Ireland, Hoskisson, 2012). The competitive force arises from the Threat of New Entrants for there is a competitive threat to Rio Tinto from BHP Bilton, Vale SA, Glencore plc, and Anglo American Plc among many other new entrants in the market. However, there are other factors that contribute to the failure of Rio Tinto in the industry. Some of which include poor risk management and risk mitigation approaches, legislative issues by the government, and negative reputation from the social constituents forming the market. The management of Rio Tinto employs various techniques in solving these problems and these techniques include: SWOT Analysis PESTEL Analysis Porters Five Forces McKinsey 75 Framework The application of these techniques have helped the management of Rio Tinto address the contextual internal business factors of the company in various approaches as analyzed and reported below: Human Resources To withstand pressure and threat of new entrants, the human resource structure of Rio Tinto has been one of the best. The global footprint of Rio Tinto is underpinned by the company's values for employees safety, integrity, teamwork, respect, and excellence. The long-term success of Rio Tinto in the mining sector has resulted from strengths offered by the human resources. Currently, Rio Tinto's workforce is approximately 50, 0000 in 35 countries. The quality of human resources depicts the quality of services offered by the Corporation (Katz Green, 2009). The company's human resource are highly skilled manufacturing engineers who produce maximum results for the enterprise. The management of people differs from management of other resources at Rio Tinto. HR managers in the company make critical decisions on staffing procedures, contracting, employee rewards and development, training approaches, and employee relations maintenance (Kuratko, Hornsby, Covin, 2014). Workplace learning enl ightens leadership within the internal operations of Rio Tinto. The use of effective human resource management policies connect people within the workplace, and work processes in business have helped Rio Tinto remain competitive. Physical Resources The fact that Rio Tinto is a long term business where going concern policy holds, this means that the most critical resource is physical resources whose management is done internally by the company's managers. Rio Tinto produces a diverse suite of metals and minerals in a broad portfolio. Rio Tinto is a leading mining and metal company; this means that plant, property, and equipment resources are highly used and needed for the success of manufacturing process. The management recognizes that continuing to offer value to the market requires continuous investment in the physical resources (Wirtz, 2011). The manufacture of mineral resources cannot happen if the company uses inefficient machinery. The use of outdated and less productive machinery leads to underproduction and thus making the company not able to meet the market demand. Business Culture The company seeks to foster a business culture under which personnel enjoy safety both individually and collectively with their workmates, surrounding communities, and the contractors. The managers have designed conducive working habits that have enabled every person to understand the processes adopted in creating and preserving business values. Business managers at Rio Tinto utilized organization culture in the collection and organization of internal values and beliefs shared and possessed by the current personnel. As an excellent tool of business decision making, corporate culture sets up a unique system of staff value whose application results in the success Rio Tinto in the mining industry (Price, 2007). Failure by managers to employ organizational culture needs in the strategic plans leads to poor performance. External adaptation and internal integration help Rio Tinto managers resolve work structure challenges as well as externally instigated problems such as rude behavior by t rade unions. Entrepreneurship and Innovation The global presence of Rio Tinto has made the company express technological expertise in marketing, and this helps the company supply the right product of the best quality and at the correct time. The business operations of Rio Tinto involves underground mines, refineries, open pits, smelters, mills, and power stations which need the application of high technologies to run. Entrepreneurs design and manage these operations with a primary goal to reap more profits and business growth. Internally, Rio Tinto has creative and innovative staff who invent new technologies of manufacturing minerals at the minimum cost and the maximum returns(Rothaermel, 2015). With entrepreneurship in the firm, Rio Tinto has remained optimistic and committed to success due to the creativeness and establishment of new resources that result in competitive advantage. Having a broader picture of the business on the external business factors ha helped the company design competitive advantage techniques that will always enable the company to maintain its position in the market. Organizational Structure The organization chart is another internal factor that affects the operations Rio Tinto plc on day to day basis. The management sorts companies services through the establishment of teams, departments, and structuring of personnel work through outsourcing. There has been a long-term problem in a business structure whose impacts are adverse. The business structure issues at Rio Tinto include financial stability, segregation of employees roles, company offering, and other resource-related challenges (Searcy, 2012). Laying down an effective business structure impacts positively on the number of employees hired by a firm, hierarchical power levels, employee collaboration and commitment, and the employee's roles. Managers of Rio Tinto have responded to these issues by establishing the best structure, in particular on the conceptual work so as to enhance the use of funds in the most sparing manner (Wirtz, 2011). The internal organization of a firm's workplace depicts the level of conducive ness enjoyed by the employees while working. The management of the company has made sound decisions about the diversity of work environment. Internal Communication Internal communication plays a significant role in building a unique culture of the organization. Poor communication creates conflicts, unnecessary complaints, underproductivity, and hostile working structures within the organization. Excellent business culture is built on good internal communication approaches such as interpersonal relationships, philosophical policies, and employees training materials. This fact has made the company segregate the levels of communication in a well-spelled manner. Rio Tinto communication system recommends respect and courtesy, and this has come from the good internal communication systems. Managers are obliged to make decisions on communication channels and approaches that must be observed by every party operating within the business (Hove Tarisai, 2013). For example, the company has established team leaders who pass instructions to the subordinate staff, and this has to lead to little or no conflicts within the workplace. Since employees always dem and to be recognized for their achievement, the management knows their suggestions, complaints, and ideas when formulating critical decisions. Financial Resources Rio Tinto recognizes that its mining activities affect people, the environment, and community at large. The operations of Rio Tinto plc benefits the company itself, investors, general public, suppliers, employees, customers, and the society. Since 1995, Rio Tinto revenues have kept increasing from $ 8.4 billion to the current financial stability of $12.3 billion. Finance has been the driver of every investment activity Rio Tinto undertakes and helps the company seek innovative solutions to manage the market challenges. Finance managers are tasked with the responsibility to make investment decisions on capital projects of a company, where they conduct a feasibility study on the benefit of the project (Chuang Liao, 2010). All business projects are run by finance resources, and this means that in the event when capital is limited, businesses will collapse. The executive management Rio Tinto company have always made overall investment related decisions even in the case of outsourcing so me work. Conclusion The internal business environment consists of contextual factors existing within the company and whose impact determines the success or failure of business operations. The management of a company plays a significant role in making decisions that affect internal functions of the firm. Making effective decisions results to exemplary organizational structure, viable corporate culture, sound utilization of resources, and investment into technology based projects that lead to business success. The internal market factors portray the strengths and weaknesses that a firm has internally. The application of decision making support systems enables the management address the present and potential business weaknesses as well as exploiting the potential and existing inner strengths. References Almazari, A. A. (2014). The impact of internal factors on bank profitability: Comparative study between Saudi Arabia and Jordan.Journal of Applied Finance and Banking,4(1), 125. Chuang, C. H., Liao, H. U. I. (2010). Strategic human resource management in service context: Taking care of business by taking care of employees and customers.Personnel Psychology,63(1), 153-196. Dunning, J. H. (2014).The Globalization of Business (Routledge Revivals): The Challenge of the 1990s. Routledge. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2012).Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Hove, P., Tarisai, C. (2013). Internal factors affecting the successful growth and survival of small and micro agri-business firms in Alice communal area.Journal of Economics,4(1), 57-67. Katz, J. A., Green, R. P. (2009).Entrepreneurial small business(Vol. 200). McGraw- Hill/Irwin. Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., Covin, J. G. (2014). Diagnosing a firm's internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship.Business Horizons,57(1), 37-47. Price, A. (2007).Human resource management in a business context. Cengage Learning EMEA. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Searcy, C. (2012). Corporate sustainability performance measurement systems: A review and research agenda.Journal of business ethics,107(3), 239-253. Wirtz, B. W. (2011). Business model management.DesignInstrumenteErfolgsfaktoren von Geschftsmodellen,2.

Whitmans Song Of Myself Essays - Brooklyn Eagle, Mystics

Whitman's Song Of Myself In section twenty four of ?Song of Myself? Walt Whitman describes the relationship he has with everything else in this world. Whitman's description reflects his beliefs about radical equality and the love of nature. He does this by using a few different poetic devices. When reading this section it seems that Whitman is extremely vain, but he prepares the reader for this in the first stanza. He explains that he is just the same as every other person and is ?No more modest than immodest.? This stanza sets up the rest of the section. After the reader has been warned in the first stanza, the next three stanzas describe the state of mind Whitman is in when creating this section of the poem. The ?doors? in the second stanza are representative of the doors of the mind that keep it from expanding too far. Whitman is telling the reader to throw away all preconceived thoughts and listen to what he says. The third stanza is the basis from which Whitman draws the rest of his theory of radical equality. The ?afflatus? in the next stanza is the theory or inspiration flowing through Whitman and taking over his body and mind. From here Whitman reveals the rest of his theories. The next three stanzas are about Whitman's theory of radical equality. The first is an outburst of emotion to show how strongly he feels about this concept. In the second he assumes the position as the speaker for everyone and everything. He then describes everyone and everything for which he speaks. These things range from ?slaves? and ?dwarfs? to ?fog in the air? and ?the threads that connect the stars.? Whitman thinks he can speak for all of these things because they are all a part of him. He is connected to everything and therefore everything affects him. In the next stanza he changes these voices so that they can be heard by everyone. The rest of the section is about Whitman's belief in a universal love of nature. He introduces this theory in the stanza beginning ?I believe in the flesh and the appetites.? Whitman chooses the most controversial way to talk about nature, but this is what makes his work so interesting. The next line seems uppity because he calls himself a miracle, but in the following stanza he shows why this is. Whitman increases the controversy of his work by then stating that he is more divine than ?churches, bibles, and all the creeds.? He defends his statement with the argument that he is a part of nature and they are not so he is better. He explains that he is a part of everything that shapes the world and so is everybody else. He uses epistrophe in this stanza to stress the words ?it shall be you.? In line forty-nine Whitman says that he would prefer a morning-glory to books to emphasize the superiority of nature over man-made things. The following stanzas continue to glorify all kinds of nat ure and how it is a part of him. Whitman clearly feels that nature is an incredible thing that touches everyone and should be recognized as all powerful by all. Poetry Essays

Media Portrays Violence Essays

Media Portrays Violence Essays Media Portrays Violence Essay Media Portrays Violence Essay Thomas H English 1a 10/31/2010 Media Portrays Violence In the world today with technology advancing so fast its hard to keep up with it all; but with the advancement of technology comes the extensive media exposure to viewers. Pretty much everyone is exposed to the media today whether it is television or internet the news can be accessed within moments. And the entertainment industry is no different furthering making options of media accessible with a push of a button whether it is cell phones or other handheld devices to laptops and so on and so forth. This also brings us to the main question. What exactly do the media portray for the viewer and what do we learn from it? Television tries to become more real and real as movies push for 3d and television screens try to push for the clearest picture possible trying to bring the screen to life. Television shows have been pushing more and more to reality shows giving a so called perception of what life would be like in said situations. And even gaming tries to push the lines making things more and more realistic such as call of duty and grand theft auto. Which are great and all but what is all this stuff doing for us really what is it teaching us? In Michael Moore’s Movie Bowling for Columbine, he addresses how the United States of America is clouded with fear and driven with violence and this essay is to prove that. The movie opens to this event: One of the deadliest massacres in the Unites States of America happened in a High school in Columbine,  Colorado. April 20th 1999 the massacre caused by two students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, killed twelve students as well as one teacher only to kill themselves after. 1Moore) The event had pushed the media to question the abuse of firearms availability and the troubles of youth. Apparently though the guns that Harris and Klebold had used were legally purchased at stores and gun shows. The bullets were purchased at a local K-mart in Littleton. This example shows how the media portrayals today affect the minds of youth giving them violent solutions to ideas that should not be s olved in such manners. They think, well it’s in video games we see it all over television it must be okay right? And only after realizing the situation they were truly in did they feel the guilt and attempted suicides. Personally I would not be able to live a trouble free life with the fact that someone died because of me running through my conscious. 3 weeks ago a fight broke out in Hayward high school which involved two local gangs and police enforcement to be involved. The principal stated that the two gangs were fighting with each other and when the police stepped in to control the situation. â€Å"As the officer stepped in to stop that fight, a male student tried to punch the officer. Several smaller altercations ensued, prompting the officer to ask for assistance from other officers. (ABC) Eventually 6 students were arrested in suspect to causing and leading the whole altercation. (1Kurhi) this event is proof enough that the issues expressed in the movie and in this essay is close enough to hit the state even the city we live in today. Medias’ portrayal of how things should be in the so called â€Å"real world† such as MTV; this no longer really being a music television channel , is still driven into the younger generation and very much is strongly influencing them to condone violence as a means to solve things regardless if the issue at hand is even logical to be at arms about. And who in their right mind would hit an officer? So how is this related to the media? Entertainment to people is always something somewhat close or related to real life. Whether it is a drama or action, some form of violence is expressed in almost everything we watch or play. Moore hits one of the most famed shows that are still being run on television today, Cops. A show very stereotypically profiling blacks and Hispanics. (2Moore) although the show is supposedly supposed to portray what police officers go through on a daily basis; it is far from what the average American sees every single day. How often do you see an officer running around town guns blazing? And how often do you see a white man being arrested in the show. This shows portrayal of Blacks and Hispanics give the general population a common racial profiling fear of them although this should not be the case. Once again another media has driven fear due to the critics mainly wanting a boost in ratings. Another prime example of what people see in the media and how they portray it in real life is in our text book when Zimbardo conducted an experiment on how people portray what life is like in prison. â€Å"Male college students needed for psychological study of prison life. 15 per day for 1-2 weeks beginning Aug 14. For further information amp; applications come to room 248†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (233 Behrens) The ad attracted many students but only 21 were selected throughout the experiment the students began to get more and more into the role playing where it finally got out of hand that Zimbardo had to stop the experime nt. â€Å"Everyone and everything in the prison was defined by power. To be a guard who did not take advantage of this institutionally sanctioned use of power was to appear â€Å"weak/out of it/wired up by the prisoners† or simply a deviant from the norm of established guard behavior. (239 Behrens) now I know that guards must have some level of aggressive enforcement, but this experiment was a leading example of how we literally do what we believe is right and we believe what’s on television is right because rarely any of us take the time to find out what the truth really is. Now with all the examples provided, it is pretty much a given that America society is driven with fear and violence by the media but what about other countries? Moore lets us look at a neighboring country, Canada; where guns are available in fact are also endorsed in the country seeing it is a hunting community in most if not all parts. So what could it be? Looking at their news the politicians speak in a much different aspect compared to American news reporters. Instead of scaring the population with the most recent corruption in the community, the news reporters and politicians only speak of the continuing improvements in the community today. What kind of community isn’t scared to keep their doors locked? It sure as hell isn’t America that’s for sure. But Moore proves this theory by walking around a neighborhood in Canada briefly interviewing neighbors why they leave their doors open. All the neighbors know each other within the community interviewed and none were really scared of anything. (3 Moore) America is so caught up in the next biggest scare on television rarely anyone in their neighborhood really knows their neighbors like family; and the media is living proof of this. Our television screens are filled with nothing but violence and no resolve the Entertainment industry keeps pushing for more and more closer to life gaming and viewing that people have it in their minds that this is possible and that is why our country is the way it is today. Maybe The Unites states of America should stop boasting with its egocentric powers and start focusing on the problems at home. Is driving the people of our country with fear and violence really the best way to go? Maybe America should look at our neighboring country and sk them for a few pointers on how to have a community full of friendly neighbors; and maybe one day we’ll be able to feel comfortable leaving our doors unlocked just like Canada, or maybe not. Works cited * Bowling for columbine, Michael Moore, Video, United Artist/Dog eat dogs, October 9th 2002 * Six arrested after brawls at Hayward high, Erik Kurhi, Oakland Tribune, October 5, 2010 * Behrens Rosen, Writing and reading across the curricul um third edition, Pearson Longman copyright 2009 * 6 students arrested after series of fights, Unknown, ABC Bay City News, October 5, 2010

Case study analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case study analysis - Essay Example The APNPs are also expected to provide quality indicators that will assure the parents of the continued health of their children. They are however expected to act within a preset guideline that allows for structured assessment as required by the health regulators. It should also be noted that assessment is not a singular event that takes place when a child is brought in. instead, it is a continuous assessment process that dynamically changes in regard of the symptoms or results achieved with every assessment (American Academy of Paediatrics 2009:1233). It should be noted that an infant should be considered as sick unless it can be otherwise proven. This means that the APNP will have to get a good history of the illness and work on eliminating any possible illnesses until the most appropriate for the conditions observed after the assessments. As observed, child assessment is not a one-day affair. It is a continuous process that requires constant attention and keenness not to miss any cues or subtle signals that may pass unnoticed during initial testing (Barnes 2003:5). Thus, the report herein will look at the different attributes of the paediatric section and ways through which countries and researchers' advice on taking care of the children. To do this, the best method would be conducting an online search with the terms paediatric, emergency department, requirements and clinic being the key terms of reference. The search would be differentiated by how relevant the articles are on the topic of discussion. The results would then be used to provide an episodic care treatment for the sick Serena. Priorities At the moment, there are two important priorities that must take precedence in the case. First, a structured assessment is required. As noted above, the need for a continuous assessment is paramount with every step taken with deeper precaution. The dynamic nature of this assessment is also an integral part of the whole treatment regime (American Academy of Paedi atrics 2009:1233). Given the fact that particular signs and symptoms may not be as readily expressed as those of an adult or as an adult would express them, repeated observations and assessments require proper attention and vigilance to avoid a relapse or worsening of the present conditions. The paediatrics are supposed to ensure that that they have put all measures that point towards quality improvement by providing an avenue through which indicators of good outcomes, proper data collection and synthesis and clearly defined outcomes that provide evaluative measures of success to ensure quality is maintained in the ED (Barnes 2003:8-9). This also implies that paediatrics have to be flexible enough in their response to the different signs and symptoms that the child portrays after a given interval. This flexibility is also meant as an avenue through which the doctors consult on certain issues that may have arisen from their assessment and also eliminate other possibilities. The secon d priority is to have her admitted. Safety is one of the most important considerations when a child is involved. The fact that any release could lead to more fatal effects or worsening of the conditions already stated should be a pointer enough that there need to be a greater caution when dealing with infants. Unless the APNP is assured of the infant’s safety, Serena should remain in their custody till